Why packs drift out of balance, and how balancing actually works.
Why imbalance happens and how it shows
Manufacturing tolerance, temperature differences and age spread cells apart; the BMS can only correct small gaps.
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Passive and active balancing
Passive balancing burns excess off the strongest cell; active moves charge between cells. The second costs more and helps more on big packs.
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LiFePO4 questions
Short answers to the ones that come up most.
What makes LiFePO4 different?
Lower energy density than NMC, but far better thermal stability and cycle life. That trade decides every application it wins.
How long does a LiFePO4 pack last?
4,000–6,000 cycles at 80% depth of discharge — eight to ten years of daily cycling. Heat and sitting at 100% shorten it.
Can it be charged in the cold?
Not below 0°C without a heater. Discharging in the cold is fine, it just delivers less capacity.
Does LiFePO4 need special maintenance?
No watering, no equalising. Keep terminals tight, the enclosure ventilated and watch the BMS log.
Is it safe?
It is the safest lithium chemistry in wide use: no cobalt, stable at temperatures where NMC packs would vent.
