The three voltages most systems choose between, and how to pick.
Current, cable and inverter implications
Doubling the voltage halves the current, which halves the cable — that is usually the deciding argument.
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Where each voltage is standard
12V for small loads and vehicles, 24V for vans and light traction, 48V for storage and forklifts.
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Voltage & sizing questions
Short answers to the ones that come up most.
How do I choose a battery voltage?
It is set by the equipment: 12V small loads, 24V light traction, 48V storage and most traction.
How do I work out runtime?
Amp-hours times nominal voltage for watt-hours, divided by the real load, minus 10–15% losses.
Why is a 12V lithium battery 12.8V?
Four 3.2V LFP cells in series; 12V equipment accepts the range.
What does C-rate mean?
Current relative to capacity — 1C on 100Ah is 100A.
Can I series-connect different batteries?
No — same model, capacity and age, or the strings unbalance.
