How heat and cold change what a battery can deliver.
Capacity and current derating curves
Manufacturers publish derating curves; use them instead of assuming the nominal numbers.
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Designing for the worst season
Design for the worst month, not the average, or the system under-performs exactly when it is needed.
Voltage & sizing questions
Short answers to the ones that come up most.
How do I choose a battery voltage?
It is set by the equipment: 12V small loads, 24V light traction, 48V storage and most traction.
How do I work out runtime?
Amp-hours times nominal voltage for watt-hours, divided by the real load, minus 10–15% losses.
Why is a 12V lithium battery 12.8V?
Four 3.2V LFP cells in series; 12V equipment accepts the range.
What does C-rate mean?
Current relative to capacity — 1C on 100Ah is 100A.
Can I series-connect different batteries?
No — same model, capacity and age, or the strings unbalance.
