What happens at 0°C and at 45°C, and how to stay inside the band.
The charging temperature window
Above 45°C reduce current; below 0°C stop charging entirely.
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Heating, cooling and derating
Heating pads solve the cold end; airflow solves the hot end.
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Charging & BMS questions
Short answers to the ones that come up most.
What charger does lithium need?
One with a lithium profile matching voltage and BMS protocol.
What does a BMS protect?
Over/under voltage, over-current, short circuit, temperature, plus balancing.
Charge voltage?
3.45–3.65V per cell.
Charging below freezing?
Not without a heater.
How do I check compatibility?
Voltage, current and protocol — if the charger cannot read the BMS it will mis-charge eventually.
